DISCOVERING COMPUTERS - Technology in a World of Computers, Mobile devices and Internet

CHAPTER 5 - DIGITAL SAFETY AND SECURITY

Digital Security Risks

• A digital security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to a computer or mobile device hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability
• Any illegal act involving the use of a computer or related devices generally is referred to as a computer crime
• A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act

What is Hacker and Cracker?

↬Hacker is corporate spies and Cracker is unethical employees

The Difference between Hacker and Cracker

Internet and Network Attacks

• Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premise
• Malware, short for malicious software, consists of programs that act without a user’s knowledge and deliberately alter the operations of computers and mobile devices

• A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s resources from intrusion

Unauthorized Acess and Use

Unauthorized Acess → the use of a computer or network without permission

Unauthorized Use → the use of a computer or its data for unapproved or possibly illegal activities

• Organizations take several measures to help prevent unauthorized access and use
• Acceptable use policy
• Disable file and printer sharing
• Access controls define who can access a computer, device, or network; when they can access it; and what actions they can take while accessing it
• The computer, device, or network should maintain an audit trail  that records in a file both successful and unsuccessful access attempts
• User name
• Password
• Passphrase
• CAPTCHA
• A possessed object is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer or computer facility
• Often are used in combination with a PIN (personal identification number)
• A biometric device authenticates a person’s identity by translating a personal characteristic into a digital code that is compared with a digital code in a computer
• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and networks
• Many areas use digital forensics;-

Software Theft

• Software theft occurs when someone:
• Steals software media
• Intentionally erases programs
• Illegally registers and/or activates a program
• Illegally copies a program
• A single-user license agreement typically contains the following conditions:

Information Theft

• Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information
• Encryption is a process of converting data that is readable by humans into encoded characters to prevent unauthorized access

• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, website, or organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender
• Often used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an Internet transaction
• A digital certificate is a notice that guarantees a user or a website is legitimate
•  A website that uses encryption techniques to secure its data is known as a secure site

Hardware Theft, Vandalism and Failure

Hardware Theft→the act of stealing digital equipment

Hardware Vandalism→the act of defacing ot destroying digital equipment

• To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures

Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or media that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed
• To back up a file means to make a copy of it

Ethics and Society

• Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers, mobile devices, and information systems
• Information accuracy is a concern
• Not all information on the web is correct
• A code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specification is ethical/unethical or allowed/not allowed

• Green computing involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies
• Content filtering is the process of restricting access to certain material on the Web
• Many businesses use content filtering
• Web filtering software restricts access to specified websites

Information Privacy

• Information privacy refers to the right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them
• Huge databases store data online
• It is important to safeguard your information

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS - Technology in a World of Computers, Mobile devices and Internet

CHAPTER 3- COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES

Computers and Mobile Devices

• Types of computers include:
• Desktop and mobile computers
• A personal computer (PC) is a computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself and is intended to be used by one person at a time
• A mobile computer is a portable personal computer, designed so that a user easily can carry it from place to place
• A desktop, or desktop computer, is a personal computer designed to be in a stationary location, where all of its components fit on or under a desk or table

• A laptop, also called a notebook computer, is a thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base

• A tablet is a thin, lightweight mobile computer that has a touch screen
• A handheld computer is a computer small enough to fit in one hand

• Servers 
• A server is a computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices on a network
• Rack server
• Blade server
• Tower server
• A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful server that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously
• Supercomputer
• A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer — and the most expensive
• Servers VS Supercomputer
  

• Terminal
• A terminal is a computer, usually with limited processing power, that enables users to send data to and/or receive information from a server, or host computer
• An ATM (automated teller machine) is a self-service banking terminal that connects to a host computer through a network
• A self-service kiosk is a freestanding terminal that usually has a touch screen for user interaction

• Mobile devices
• A smartphone is an Internet-capable phone that usually also includes a calendar, an appointment book, an address book, a calculator, a notepad, games, browser, and numerous other apps

• A digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take photos and store the photographed images digitally
• A portable media player, sometimes called a personal media player, is a mobile device on which you can store, organize, and play or view digital media
• An e-book reader (short for electronic book reader), or e-reader, is a mobile device that is used primarily for reading e-books and other digital publications
• Game devices
• A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games
• A handheld game device is a small mobile device that contains a screen, speakers, controls, and game console all in one unit
• Game controllers include gamepads, joysticks and wheels, dance pads, and a variety of motion-sensing controllers
• Embedded computers

• Smartphones, digital cameras, e-book readers and portable media players

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS - Technology in a World of Computers, Mobile devices and Internet

The Internet

The Internet

The Evolution of The Internet

• The internet originated as ARPANET in september 1969 and had two main goals:

• With wired connections, a computer or device physically attaches via a cable or wire to a communication device.
• Computers without a communications device can use a wireless modem.

• A cybercafe is a location that provides computers with internet access, usually for a fee.
• A hot spot is a wireless network that provides internet connections to mobile computers and devices.

• An Internet service provides (ISP) is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the internet free or for a fee. (Unifi, TM, Celcom)
• Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels over a network

1. Megabyte (MB)
2. Gigabyte (GB)

•        An IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet

•        A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP address

•        A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address

The World Wide Web

• A browser is an application that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a computer or mobile device
• A home page is the first page that a website displays
• Desktop browsers typically support tabbed browsing

•        A webpage has a unique address called a web address or URL

•        A web app is an application stored on a web server that you access through a browser. (webmail, online auction)

–       Web app hosts usually provide storage for users’ data and information on their servers, known as cloud storage

Types of Websites

•        A search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic

•        A subject directory classifies webpages in an organized set of categories, such as sports or shopping, and related subcategories

•        Search operators can help to refine your search

 •        There are thirteen types of Web sites

•        Web publishing is the development and maintenance of websites

Media on the Web

•        Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with:

•        A graphic is a digital representation of nontext information

•        Graphic formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF

 •        An infographic is a visual representation of data and information, designed to communicate quickly, simplify complex concepts, or present patterns or trends

•        Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence

•        Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound

–       Compressed to reduce file size

•        You listen to audio on your computer using a media player

      •        Video consists of images displayed in motion

•        Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space

Other Internet Services

•        Email is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network

•        An email program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete email messages

•      An email list is a group of email addresses used for mass distribution of a message

•        Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service

      •        A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer or mobile device

•        A chat room is a website or application that permits users to chat with others who are online at the same time

•        A discussion forum is an online area in which users have written discussions about a particular subject

•        VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users over the Internet (viber, whatapp, skype)

•        FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading to and from other computers on the Internet

•        Many operating systems include FTP capabilities

•        An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or download files using FTP

 Netiquette

•        Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior